![[Stoke's Law Formula]](owt3.gif)
Tramfloc® all-organic liquid polymers are highly effective in oil recovery and produce water quality suitable for reuse from waste and slop oil, coolant, coking, oil field, utility, mining, petroleum and refining applications. Tramfloc® all-organic liquid polymers effectively precipitate heavy metals, improve supernatant quality, increase solids recovery, produce a denser rag layer and a clean, high quality oil phase in demulsification applications, and also reduce sludge production.
Tramfloc® all-organic polymers are non-hazardous and biodegradable. They are completely miscible in water and meet environmental regulations. Tramfloc® polymers will meet your plant's requirements for suspended matter, emulsified oils, metal cutting fluids, water soluble coolants, hydrocarbon oils, and supernatant quality.
Tramfloc® all-organic liquid polymers are aqueous blends of surfactants and copolymers especially designed to assist in the reversing of the emulsification process. Ammonium, acrylamide and other non-hazardous all-organic components are used to manufacture Tramfloc® polymers.
When plants apply Tramfloc® All-Organic Liquid Polymers, TAOLP, the
operations usually become more efficient and costs are reduced while
profits are increased. Call Tramfloc, Inc. to explore better ways to deal
with entrained and emulsified hydrocarbons.
Oil in water waste streams can coat and damage equipment, contaminate process water and escape treatment in biological systems. Treatment of oily waste streams can result in:
Oily wastewater is classified by the form of the oil/water mixtures, i.e., free liquid (nonemulsified) or emulsion.
Free liquids are commonly separated by gravity. In most situations the oil is lighter than water and can be separated by physical operations such as skimming or flotation. The principles governing gravity separation of oil are expressed by Stoke's Law:
where:
V = oil droplet rise rate
g = acceleration due to gravity
dw = water density
do = oil density
D = oil droplet diameter
u = water viscosity
As defined by Stoke's Law, the rise rate of the oil droplet can be varied by changing the oil density, water viscosity, water density or the oil droplet size. Temperature controls the first three variables, while the addition of chemical coagulants will alter the last variable, oil droplet size.
Emulsions are stable mixtures of two immiscible liquids. Emulsions are stabilized by an emulsifying agent which is a film of surface active agents that reduces the interfacial tension between the oil and water. The film of emulsifiers can be altered by heat, chemicals, mechanical devices or a combination of the three.
Polymers are used to destabilize oily wastewaters on many types of equipment, such as: the American Petroleum Institute (API) separator, Corrugated Plate Interceptor (CPI) separator, Induced Air Flotation (IAF) and Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF). Figure 1 is a schematic of a DAF. A flow schematic of a typical refinery waste treatment system is shown in Figure 2.
![[Dissolved Air Flotation Unit]](owt1.jpg)
![[Refinery Waste Treatment Plant]](owt2.jpg)
Tramfloc has developed a bench scale test to simulate the operation of a dissolved air flotation system. This test is particularly useful in determining operating parameters such as pressure requirements, recirculation ratios, chemical requirements and rise rate estimations.
Most emulsions are treated either on a batch basis or as a continuous process. The treatment process employs chemical addition, pH adjustment and heat to destabilize the emulsified oils. Tramfloc has developed a laboratory procedure to test the effectiveness of Tramfloc cooking chemicals in breaking oil emulsions. Tramfloc personnel can then determine the required dosage of polymer by a full scale trial.
Tram-Oil Series products are ideal for treatment of either free or emulsified oils. These products are surface active polymeric liquids of very high charge density which alter the oil droplet size. In combination with a cooking operation, Tram-Oil products are particularly effective in destabilizing emulsified oils (synthetic, waste cutting, rolling, hydraulic and other soluble oils) in water.
The advantages of Tram-Oil Series products include:
The Tramfloc approach to successful treatment of free and emulsified oils employs proven product technology. Tramfloc products are recommended on the basis of detailed system surveys, laboratory and full-scale testing, computer simulations and analyses. The Tramfloc approach is designed to provide the best treatment for oily waste streams.